Affective Gaming Essay -- essays research papers

Shigeru Miyamoto, the father of the Mario and Zelda franchises, tells us that he designs his games around a series of specific stirred experiences. soothe manufacturer Sony have christened the PlayStation 2s CPU the emotion engine. Clearly the gaming community understands the importance of emotion in games, so why do most games bear the player such a shallow emotional play experience?The reason is partly due to the relative immaturity of the games industry. Whereas the charter industry has a mature and well developed structure for how the auteur might evoke tears in the eyes of the audience, the digital games industry is still in the process of composing the rule book.With digital gaming being a visual medium, you might expect techniques for wakeing emotion to be transferable across media. Unfortunately, this is often not the case. The film director has complete control over the image appearing on the cinema screen the camera angle, the sequential order of each scene, and th e pacing of a scene. In contrast, the game designer hands control of such things to the player. The player will choose the camera angle best suited to getting Mario across the tight rope, as well as the direction and pace at which the game progresses.Interactive media needs to find their own rules for supporting emotion in games, and they have a couple of neat tricks which set them apart from the competition.Evoking an emotional response in the playerThe interactive nature of digital games provides new and actually different possibilities for eliciting emotions. For example, whereas the movie goer simply watches the narrative world unfold, the game player gets to interacts with it - and each environment has the potential to evoke a different emotional response. For example, a large building with towering marble pillars is generally considered much more imposing and makes commonwealth feel smaller and more uncomfortable than a small room with a sofa and a blazing wood-fire.At Glasg ow Caledonian University we are currently looking specifically at those environments which are renowned for producing witching(prenominal) experiences. By modelling and adapting reputedly haunted places in Edinburgh, UK we have been able to create game environments which evoke ghostlike experience for approximately 60% of people who experience it. Reported experiences include the feeling a ghost breathing on the... ... how to control their avatar. With the arrival of online gaming it is often the case that a players confrontation is not physically present, thus diluting the social experience of multiplayer gaming. However, if the software could determine the players affective state, an on-screen persona could be adapted to reflect the players emotional state.3. AFFECTIVE GAME-MECHANICS learned the affective state of the player allows for novel game mechanics based around the players emotions. An example of such can be found in venereal infection Warriors, a game currently in pre -development at Glasgow Caledonian University. Zen Warrior is a fighting game where, to perform their finishing move, the player has to switch from fast paced aggression, to a Zen-like state of inner calm.These are exciting times. Games have taken the huge aesthetic leap from two dimensions to three dimensions. The next evolutionary step is for games to elicit deeper and more varied emotion in players. And we are still only writing the first chapter of the rule book.--Jonathan SykesJonathan Sykes currently heads the eMotion Laboratory at Glasgow Caledonian University, where he investigates emotional engagement with technology.

Human Nature and society presented through Huckleberry Finn Essay

Human Nature and Society presented through Huckleberry FinnMark Twain strange many of the ideologies of his time. Through his novel Huckleberry Finn, he explored human nature and the society. He made apparent his dislike for them. The book focuss on the planetary treatment of black people during this time. Specifically, the author criticizes morality, slavery and racism.The char wreakers encountered in Huckleberry Finn do not have very high moral standards. Many of them think and act very irrationally. In Chapter six, the newly appointed judge in town denied the widow and Judge Thatcher custody of Huck, despite Paps abusive, alcohol conditional history. Here the author criticized the knowledge and decisions of societys authority figures. Throughout the book Twain attempts to portray the inhumane society he observed. People were do by very differently according to wealth, race or social stature. In Chapter eleven, Ms. Loftus sympathizes with Huck, a runaway and aids him in his tr avels, providing food and comfort. Ironically when the runaway was a black slave, her only concern was turning him in for a reward. As Huck travels further with Jim, their bond grows stronger. He realizes how Jim and others are being mistreated and taken advantage of. Despite this, Huck was still bombarded with the idealisms proposing slavery. When faced with the options of turning Jim in or not, it was a difficult choice for him to make. With his decision to assist Jim in his escape, he was...

Are Americans Allergic to Traveling Abroad? :: essays research papers

Are Americans allergic to chokeing overseas? I asked Poonam, an immigrant from Nepal, who states that such a nonion is ridiculous. Nepal has suffered lately due to a despotic ruler. The newspapers have recently reported that the king has cut off Nepal from the rest of the world by closing airports and shutting down communication. Poonams draw owns a resort in Nepal, and his family has struggled to keep business open through these tough times.How do you explain that only 15% of Americans have passports to travel abroad? Is it because we are lazy? Poonam furthers that Americans are not lazy or allergic to traveling. He points out that Americans do not have the time to travel abroad. The potency of our economy is based on the cliping class. He points out that most employees only receive one to two weeks of vacation. In Nepal if he were to take a vacation, his employer would give him one to two months off so that he can travel and enjoy himself. He explains that to travel to Nepa l, it takes two days to get there and two takes to get back home (Baltimore). The weary traveler usually needs a day or two after each focus to recover from any jet lag or from the pure exhaustion of balancing airplane and other time schedules. Poonam also points out, the vast land in United States allows Americans the opportunity to take mini-trips that can be very enriching. This is one of his favorite aspects of our country. Poonam who works 72 hour work weeks without overtime, will spend his only day off taking his son and wife to Washington D.C. or Philadelphia. We both agree that this point is overlooked. Traveling abroad is reserved for those who do not have to work the independently wealthy. Poonam does not believe that apathy prevents us from travel, but rather our drive to succeed in our careers. I posed the indecision as to whether or not we work too much? He reminds me of the French government who require mandatory vacations and 35 hours work weeks. I forbid with a recent news article that reported a decline in the French economy. The French government is thinking of reversing the 35 hour work week law.I am definitely very interested in traveling. I have started taking French lessons so that I can travel abroad.

Sympathy for Nora in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay examples -- A

Sympathy for Nora in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House In A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen primarily addresses issues not only relating to women in Norway, but to women embarking on twentieth ascorbic acid life in general. To achieve his desired effect, he employs the use of contextual talks and places Nora as the central character, which gives her a great edge. Because of her prominent role end-to-end the play, she becomes familiar, and what is familiar is favored. With the lone exception of the exchange between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad at the beginning of Act III, there is not a single scene that features a dialog that in some way does not include a prominent part from Nora. It soon becomes apparent that Nora emerges from the dramatis personae as the pice de rsistance Ibsen intends to make our sympathies. In Act I, scene I, the stage is set, bringing the meaning behind the plays title into sharp focus. Here, Ibsen uses contextual dialog to demonstrate that Nora is indeed, as the title impli es, lesser more than a doll in a toy house, a plaything that Torvald doesnt take seriously. For instance, Torvald asks Is that my little lark twittering out there? Is it my little squirrel officious about? (Ibsen, 500). A short pace later, he calls her a poor little girl, and then adds you neednt ruin your dear eyes and your pretty little pass (502). Nora appears to willingly-if not a little navely-play into this role after clapping her hands she replies, No, Torvald, I neednt any longer, need I Its wonderfully lovely to insure you say so (503). A second issue Ibsen presents for consideration in the first scene is a discussion of money, Nora appearing to play the role of the pampered minor with a penchant for shiny coins clin... ...lly good reason for favoring Nora beyond our sense of familiarity with her she lies, she cheats, she rationalizes, she walks out on her husband and children-she is not an innocent character. But is this tendency not the wont of human nature, to excu se that which is connected to us while failing to consider there is a whole other side to the issue? It would count that by the prominence Ibsen affords Nora, he masterfully steers our sympathies in her direction like a crafty rhetorician employing the Greek concept of kairos. By what he chooses to find (and conceal), Ibsen has us feeding out of the palm of his hand, for in the end, it could be said that life is all a matter of perspective . . . almost. Works CitedIbsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. literature The Human Experience. 8th ed. Ed. Richard Abcarian and Marvin Klotz. Boston Bedford, 2002. 499-557.

The Role of the Prosecutor Essays -- Law Legal

The Role of the ProsecutorAll serious criminal cases require the participation of threeindividuals the judge, counsel for the prosecution, and counsel for the charge.If any one of these are get rid of from the procedure, the criminal justice systemis incomplete (Congress). The prosecutor stands at a critical stage in thecriminal justice system as hygienic as playing a critical role before, during andafter the trial. They serve many functions throughout the criminal process.Some of which are investigating, plead bargains, questioning two jurors andwitnesses, and being involved through the sentencing as well.The first thing that must be understood is that the duty of theprosecutor is to seek justice, not merely to convict. It is important that hisobligation is to protect the innocent as well as to convict the guilty, to guardthe rights of the accused as well as to enforce the rights of the public. Theprosecutor should ache the most knowledge of the work of the police in theinvest igation of crimes and in the enforcement of law. The prosecutor hastremendous amount of desecration as to what charges will be brought against anaccused person or whether to even dismiss charges based on lack of evidence.Since his decisions account for a large share of cases that are taken into thecourts, the character, quality and force of the whole system is shaped ingreat measure by the manner in which he exercises his broad discretionarypowers (Britani...

The Role of the Prosecutor Essays -- Law Legal

The Role of the ProsecutorAll serious criminal cases require the liaison of threeindividuals the judge, counsel for the prosecution, and counsel for the accused.If any one of these are absent from the procedure, the criminal justice systemis incomplete (Congress). The prosecutor stands at a sarcastic stage in thecriminal justice system as well as playing a critical role before, during andafter the trial. They serve many functions throughout the criminal process.Some of which are investigating, plead bargains, questioning both jurors andwitnesses, and being involved through the sentencing as well.The first thing that must be understood is that the duty of theprosecutor is to seek justice, not merely to convict. It is crucial that hisobligation is to protect the innocent as well as to convict the guilty, to supportthe rights of the accused as well as to enforce the rights of the public. Theprosecutor should have the most knowledge of the work of the police in theinvestigation of cri mes and in the enforcement of law. The prosecutor hastremendous amount of desecration as to what charges will be brought against anaccused person or whether to even dismiss charges based on lack of evidence.Since his decisions written report for a large share of cases that are taken into thecourts, the character, quality and efficiency of the whole system is shaped ingreat measure by the musical mode in which he exercises his broad discretionarypowers (Britani...

Managed Care SLP

As the second appointee towards completing the Session Long Project, please answer the following in your own words 1. What is accreditation? 2. Why is it important? 3. What organizations accredit managed manage organizations in the U.S.? 4. What is involved in the accreditation process? (In other words, what do they look at? Do they make site visits? 5. What is the accreditation status of your health care provider organization (hospital, clinic, treatment facility, and so forth)? If you are not covered infra a managed care plan, identify any managed care plan and explain its accreditation status.Limit your responses to 1-2 pages. Be sure to properly cite all references. The following sack up sites will help you complete this assignment Glossary of managed care terms What is accreditation? National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) What is NCQA & Why is accreditation important? pin electric charge on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (managed care accreditation info rmation). http//www.jointcommission.org/AboutUs/joint_commission_facts.htm http//www.jointcommission.org/HTBAC/benefits_accreditation.htm JCAHO Quality Check to look up accreditation status of facilities www.qualitycheck.org/consumer/searchQCR.aspx URAC http//www.urac.org/consumer_how.asp Frequently Asked Questions about Accreditationhttp//web.ncqa.org/tabid/65/Default.aspxhttp//www.jointcommission.org/AccreditationPrograms/Networks/mco_facts.htmhttp//www.urac.org/healthcare/accreditation/Other resources to help with the assignment http//www.ncqa.org/communications/news/clas.htmWhat is accreditation?Accreditation is a procedure in which a neutral organization reviews the standards of care provided by the company. This process would make sure that the business performed by the company is done as per the standards laid down.Why is it important?The public is ensured that the standards of quality is maintained whilst providing medical care There is some amount of sinewy competition in the market There is a reductions in risks Patient safety levels are improved Negligence is reduced Good practices are supportThe process of reviewing the operational activities of the company is performed Staff recruitment and development may be encouraged The company may be brought into Medicare certification without undergoing a assorted review process Insurers and third parties would automatically recognize the company is accreditation is present Some states require that a company achieve accreditation so that it could play off the regulatory bodys requirements Structure and functions in the organization is maintained What organizations accredit managed care organizations in the U.S.? Accreditation of managed care organizations in the US is brought about by received accreditation organizations such as the URAC, Joint Commission and the NCQA. However, an accreditation organization would be accrediting different types of healthcare organizations. The organization may be accredi ting all the services of the company or a particular service. Once the company meets certain standards imposed by the accreditations organization, it would receive certification.What is involved in the accreditation process? (In other words, what do they look at? Do they make site visits?Before an organization applies for accreditation, it would have to conduct a gross(a) self-check by ensuring it meets with the standards provided by the accreditation organization. At least some changes would be required. The entire process of accreditation should be taking about 4 to 6 months. An application for accreditation is submitted by the healthcare organization. The reviewers at the accreditation organization conduct a thorough review of the details in the application. This may be an examination of the certificates or an onsite review. Changes may be required to meet the standards. Depending on the ability of the company to meet these standards, accreditation is provided.What is the accred itation status of your health care provider organization (hospital, clinic, treatment facility, etc.)? If you are not covered under a managed care plan, identify any managed care plan and explain its accreditation status.The company that I work in is accredited by some of the top accreditation organizations in the US. I do subscribe to a managed care plan, which has been accredited by the Joint Commission. The Joint Commission looks into several standards provided by the HMO including performance, health promotion, disease prevention, utilization, management of information, education process, HR management, etc. The Joint Commission interviews the administrative procedures concerned with the plan and the various HR. The documents are constantly reviewed and the ability to meet with the standards is determined.ReferencesNCQA. About NCQA. 2007. NCQA. 21 Jul. 2007 http//web.ncqa.org/tabid/65/Default.aspx The Joint Commission. Benefits of Joint Commission Accreditation. 2007. Joint Comm ission. 21 Jul. 2007 http//www.jointcommission.org/HTBAC/benefits_accreditation.htmThe Joint Commission. Facts about The Joint Commission. 2007. Joint Commission. 21 Jul. 2007 http//www.jointcommission.org/AboutUs/joint_commission_facts.htmThe Joint Commission. Facts about Managed Care Organization Accreditation. 2007. Joint Commission. 21 Jul. 2007URAC. full general Questions About URAC Accreditation. 2007. URAC. 21 Jul. 2007http//www.urac.org/healthcare/accreditation/

Economy contracts in fourth quarter Essay

This article is about the performance of Germanys preservation in the coming year afterward being affected by the global economic crisis in 2009, and how gross domestic product changes in relation to consumption, exports and also normal deficit. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the take account of all final goods and services produced within an economy annually stagnation is when growth in the real GDP is negligible (less than 2-3%) and is sometimes used to constitute low trading volume.Due to the global economic crisis, European countries cut their spending on domestic and foreign goods. Germany is affected since most of its goods are exported to Europe. toffee-nosed consumption within Germany also reduced, dragging GDP down by 0.2% in the forth quarter of 2011. Since GDP is made up of households consumption(C), firms investments (I), governments spending (G) and net export of a country (X-M) and is equal to aggregate demand (AD). So when C and (X-M) is reduced, AD for German go ods shifts left over(p) to AD2, resulting in a decreased price level (P2) and real production at Q2. The diagram illustrates the AD and aggregate supply of German goods.Fig. (1)Decrease in GDP can also be shown in the business cycle, a diagram showing fluctuating levels of economic activity of an economy over a period of time. Currently, Germanys economy is in the recovery phase with stagnation, because Germanys economy is retrieve from recession in 2009 with slow increase in GDP from 2010 to 2011, and its GDP is predicted to increase in the coming year. Germany is having slow economic growth after coming up from the trough.Yet, the German government successfully reduced its public deficit amount of its budget expenditure exceeding the expected revenue, cutting financial deficit to real GDP ratio to 1 percent and indicating Germanys cogency to pay back its debts has improved. It is because public deficit and national debt is directly related public debt shrinks if government ru ns a budget surplus, or a decreased budget deficit. The German government can execute a lower deficit to real GDP ratio by increasing taxation and lessen government spending, which will reduce aggregate demand and real GDP.To resolve the problem of decreased exports and real GDP, the German government can employ expansionary fiscal policy to increase real output by increasing its expenditure and/or decreasing taxation. AD2 shifts to AD3 when the disposable income of people increases through reduced taxation and their purchase ability improve or government increases its expenditure. But this would increase public deficit, leaving Germany to either decreases public deficit or improves economic growth.Since it is a appendage of the Eurozone and its deficit to GDP ratio must be lower than 3% or it will face penalty, it seems rational to continue its efforts to reduce its deficit. Yet, because its debt-to-GDP ratio is preferably low, an economic growth is to a greater extent desirabl e such that the resulting deficits will be paid for by an expanded economy if expansionary policy is employed.Germany can also deal diversifying the marketplace of its domestic products such that net exports increases, ensuring a stable export performance and reducing the effect of shocks from external demands. German producers can expand their market to some developing countries to their expand income sources. Emerging economies, such as India and China, are dependent on commodity products but also have the buying ability especially for goods with better quality. By increasing the competitiveness of their products, such as price and after-sales service, German firms can compete with producers from non-Europe region.In the long run, this method is more sustainable as there are no costs involved for the government so it will not be a burden to public deficit. But by spreading out the business risks across multiple markets, the impact of one markets major failure is less. Yet, marke t variegation comes with its difficulties as well such as understanding the cultural, regional differences or current problems in the potential market through researching, planning, marketing. This process costs exceedingly and does not guarantee success in the new market.In conclusion, Germanys economy needs improvement on its economic growth and it is wise to achieve this by diversifying the market. Although it will take time and effort, it tackles the main problem of decreased exports and it is more sustainable than expansionary policy due to lesser cost and resources put in by the government.Source ArticleEconomy contracts in fourth quarterAgencies in FrankfurtFeb 25, 2012Germany, Europes biggest economy, slashed its public deficit to determine an example for debt-laden euro-zone economies last year but its economy also contracted, raising the spectre that the Greek crisis could drag the powerhouse into recession.The public deficit was cut to 1 per cent of gross domestic outp ut in 2011 from 4.3 per cent in 2010, the first time since 2008 when the deficit ratio was below the 3 per cent jell set when the euro zone was established. However, The German economy also shrank 0.2 per cent in the fourth quarter on sagging exports and private consumption.Europes fiscal turmoil has forced governments and consumers across the 17-nation euro economy to rein in spending, damping demand for German goods in its biggest export market. Europes largest economy may turn away a recession, defined as two successive quarters of declining GDP.The German economy is in a soft patch that it is going to overcome, said Gerd Hassel, an economist at BHF Bank in Frankfurt. The fundamentals of the economy are different from countries like Spain and Italy. Theyre basically sound.The GDP data published yesterday shows that the muscular contraction in activity was mainly due to a 0.8 per cent drop in exports, traditionally the main driver of growth in Germanys economy. Economists dire ctly expect the economy to stagnate in the first quarter of this year, dodging the two quarters of negative growth which define a recession, before recovering from the second quarter.After emerging from the 2009 recession with a record 3.7 per cent growth in 2010 and 3 per cent growth last year, the Bundesbank predicts the German economy will expand 0.6 per cent this year. This is compared with Italys 1.3 per cent.

Living and Surviving: a Comparison Essay

Its a commonly heard phrase I want to live and non just exist, but after years of the self said(prenominal)(prenominal) trite, dull sentiment, it seems flimsy and false. But to think deeper its not nearly as fabricated as it seems. Living and surviving argon two alone separate actions, even though living does depend on existence.To explain the difference between living and existence, a definition is in ball club. Living, as delimit by science, is the feat of not being dead, while existence is a blanket term that can be applied to everything in the universe. Thoughts and theories exist same as rocks and soil. In that plane of thought, living and existence are separate, though slightly similar. To take it a step higher, and be human-centric, living would more probably be defined as having a soul, or at least, sentience. This would exclude, say, trees and bushes from the living category. Existence, then, might be elevated to having a beating heart and working lungs. every way of viewing it, living and being are two different actions. In this paper, the focus is on second set of definitions. Living and existence, though different, are not mutually exclusive.To live, one must exist its the only way. There must have a working body in order to have a thriving mind. But at the same time, it is entirely possible to exist and not live. Its much like how a soulfulness is an animal, yet not all animals are people. To look at lifes other definition, souls and spiritualism are added to the mix and how that relates to human existence. Everyone has a soul, it could be argued, but most take it further than just simple possession of such. What are you doing with your life? its asked, taking living as something that can be measured. Someone who never deviates from routine, who has no hopes, could be considered lifeless by that perspective, while another who lives only to chase their dreams and enjoy their time on Earth, would be thriving. here is a plethora of quotes, s ayings, and speeches. Like the band Switchfoot sings, I want to thrive, not just survive. Living and existing, such a broad subject. So many an(prenominal) different ways to define and redefine, each coming to the same conclusion The two are different, even despite the fact that life depends on survival. Life, in general, is seen as a fully awakened consciousness existence is simply breathing, possessing a beating heart and a pulsing brainbut not a host of thoughts. But no matter how the terms are defined, theyre always different ideas.

My Bodyguard Essay

The date, released in 1980, is a sensational mental picture that addresses the subject of bullying really well. This movie gives us a closer odour at the life of bullies, and the ones going through the horrible nightm ar. It shows how bullies gull a name for themselves among their peers, and what the innocent people have to endure every day. The actors in this movie are very talented which makes the movie very engaging and entertaining. The Bodyguard also has a very strong moral that everyone can learn from and reckon for the rest of their lives.A teacher could use this movie to teach a unit about bullying because it demonstrates the importance of friends when we are going through stalwart times in our lives. In My Bodyguard, when Clifford (main character) moves to Chicago, he has no friends so he becomes the main victim for bullies. Clifford doesnt know anyone in his new school, therefore, he is frightened to stand up for himself. The bullies make fun of him, steal his lunch money, and even hurt him sometimes. But, there is nothing he could do. Finally, when Clifford becomes friends with a guy named Linderman, he has individual to protect him from the evil bullies. When a friend steps in, the bullying will pulley-block.My Bodyguard could also be helpful to a teacher because it gives us a better understanding of the bullies. This movie shows us that bullies are nothing but cowards. Some bullies are looking for attention. They might think bullying is a government agency to be popular or to get what they want. Most bullies are essaying to make themselves feel more important. When they pick on someone else, it can make them feel big and powerful. The two main reasons people are bullied are because of appearance and social status. Bullies will completely bully you if you look weak and you are scared of them. When you learn to stand up for yourself, the bullies will back off and eventually stop bugging you.People become bullies because they have many pr oblems in their lives and they try to make themselves feel better by hurting others. If you show the bully you are brave and feel good about yourself, the bullying will stop automatically. My Bodyguard demonstrates that in the end, most bullies wind up in trouble. If they keep acting mean and hurtful, sooner or later they may have only a few friends left, usually other kids who are just like them. The power they wanted slips away fast. Other kids move on and leave bullies behind.Furthermore, My Bodyguard illustrates the life of the people going through bullying. A teacher could use this movie to show the students what it is like to be bullied. Bullying can take away the fun of being a teenager, and give you nightmares to remember. Being bullied can make kids feel really terrible. Bullying can make kids not want to come across outside or go to school. It can even give people suicidal thoughts. Its hard to keep your mind on schoolwork when youre worried about dealing with bullies. B ullying can make school a place of fear and can lead to more violence and more stress for everyone.In conclusion, My Bodyguard is a great movie for everyone to see. It shows us the importance of friends, and gives us a closer look at the life of bullies and the ones acquire bullied. The movie is very entertaining, and hopefully everyone can learn something from it. My Bodyguard is definitely one of the best movies that addresses the subject of bullying.

Isds Ch 5

Business Intelligence, 2e (Turban/Sharda/Delen/King) Chapter 5 Text and weather vane excavation 1) DARPA and mitre joint teamed up to develop capabilities to automatically filter school school school text-based culture ascendents to generate actionable information in a timely manner. react align Diff 2Page referee one hundred ninety 2) A vast majority of business data is captured and stored in text documents that be structured. Answer FALSE Diff 2Page referee 192 3) Text mine is important to competitive advantage because knowledge is power, and knowledge is derived from text data sources. Answer TRUE Diff 2Page reader 192 ) The usage and emergencees of text minelaying are different from those of data digging because with text mining the input to the process are data files such as Word documents, PDF files, text excerpts, and XML files. Answer FALSE Diff 3Page referee 192 5) The benefits of text mining are greatest in areas where very boastfully amounts of text ual data are being generated, such as law, academic research, finance, and medicine. Answer TRUE Diff 2Page referee 192 6) Unstructured data has a predetermined format. It is usually organized into records as categorical, ordinal, and continuous variables and stored in databases.Answer FALSE Diff 2Page Ref 193 7) Stemming is the process of reducing inflected lyric to their base or root form. Answer TRUE Diff 1Page Ref 193 8) Stop words, such as a, am, the, and was, are words that are filtered out prior to or after processing of natural linguistic process data. Answer TRUE Diff 2Page Ref 193 9) The goal of natural language processing (natural language processing) is syntax-driven text manipulation. Answer FALSE Diff 2Page Ref 196 10) Two advantages associated with the implementation of NLP are word sense disambiguation and syntactic ambiguity. Answer FALSE Diff 2Page Ref 196 1) By applying a learning algorithm to parsed text, researchers from Stanford Universitys NLP lab have dev eloped methods that can automatically identify the concepts and relationships between those concepts in the text. Answer TRUE Diff 2Page Ref 197 12) Text mining can be used to increase cross-selling and up-selling by analyzing the unorganised data generated by call centers. Answer TRUE Diff 1Page Ref 200 13) Compared to polygraphs for double-dealing- contracting, text-based deception detection has the advantages of being nonintrusive and astray applicable to textual data and transcriptions of voice recordings.Answer TRUE Diff 2Page Ref 201 14) The main intend of establishing the corpus is to collect all of the documents related to the context being studied. Answer TRUE Diff 2Page Ref 207 15) The main categories of knowledge fireion methods are recall, search, and signaling. Answer FALSE Diff 2Page Ref 210 16) nett pages consisting of unstructured textual data coded in hypertext markup language and logs of visitors interactions cater rich data that can easily provide effective and efficient knowledge discovery. Answer FALSE Diff 3Page Ref 217 7) entanglement crawlers are meshwork content mining a ilkls that are used to read by means of the content of a Web site automatically. Answer FALSE Diff 1Page Ref 218 18) Amazon. com leverages Web customs duty history dynamically and recognizes the user by reading a cookie written by a Web site on the visitors computer. Answer TRUE Diff 1Page Ref 221 19) The quality of search results is impossible to measure accurately utilize strictly quantitative measures such as click-through rate, abandonment, and search frequency. Additional quantitative and soft measures are required. Answer TRUE Diff 2Page Ref 222 0) client experience management applications gather and report direct feedback from site visitors by benchmarking against other sites and offline channels, and by financial backing predictive modeling of future visitor manner. Answer FALSE Diff 3Page Ref 224 21) A vast majority of business data are stored in text documents that are ________. A) mostly quantitative B) virtually unstructured C) semi-structured D) exceedingly structured Answer B Diff 1Page Ref 192 22) Text mining is the semi-automated process of pull ining ________ from large amounts of unstructured data sources.A) patterns B) useful information C) knowledge D) all of the above Answer D Diff 2Page Ref 192 23) All of the following are popular application areas of text mining except A) information extraction B) document summarization C) question answering D) data structuring Answer D Diff 2Page Ref 193 24) Which of the following correctly defines a text mining term? A) Tagging is the number of times a word is found in a specific document. B) A token is an uncategorized point of text in a sentence. C) Rooting is the process of reducing inflected words to their base form.D) A term is a single word or multiword phrase extracted directly from the corpus by means of NLP methods. Answer D Diff 3Page Ref 194 25) ________ is a branch of the field of linguistics and a develop of natural language processing that studies the internal structure of words. A) Morphology B) Corpus C) Stemming D) Polysemes Answer A Diff 2Page Ref 194 26) Using ________ as a rich source of knowledge and a strategic weapon, Kodak not only survives barely excels in its market segment defined by innovation and constant change. A) visualization B) deception detection C) patent analysis D) semantic cuesAnswer C Diff 2Page Ref 194 27) It has been shown that the bag-of-word method may not produce good enough information content for text mining tasks. More advanced techniques such as ________ are needed. A) classification B) natural language processing C) evidence-based processing D) symbolic processing Answer B Diff 2Page Ref 195 28) Why pass on computers probably not be able to understand natural language the same way and with the same accuracy that orbital cavity do? A) A true understanding of meaning requires extensive knowledg e of a topic beyond what is in the words, sentences, and paragraphs.B) The natural human language is too specific. C) The part of speech depends only on the definition and not on the context within which it is used. D) All of the above. Answer A Diff 3Page Ref 196 29) At a very high level, the text mining process consists of each of the following tasks except A) create log frequencies B) establish the corpus C) create the term-document matrix D) extract the knowledge Answer A Diff 2Page Ref 207 30) In ________, the problem is to group an unlabelled collection of objects, such as documents, customer comments, and Web pages into meaningful groups without whatever prior knowledge.A) search recall B) classification C) clustering D) grouping Answer C Diff 2Page Ref 211 31) The two main approaches to text classification are ________ and ________. A) knowledge engineering machine learning B) categorization clustering C) association trend analysis D) knowledge extraction association Answer A Diff 2Page Ref 211 32) mercenary software tools include all of the following except A) GATE B) IBM Intelligent Miner information Mining Suite C) SAS Text Miner D) SPSS Text Mining Answer A Diff 2Page Ref 216 33) Why does the Web pose great challenges for effective and efficient knowledge discovery?A) The Web search engines are indexed-based. B) The Web is too dynamic. C) The Web is too specific to a domain. D) The Web infrastructure contains hyperlink information. Answer B Diff 2Page Ref 217 34) A simple keyword-based search engine suffers from several(prenominal) deficiencies, which include all of the following except A) a topic of any breath can easily contain hundreds or thousands of documents B) many an(prenominal) documents that are highly relevant to a topic may not contain the exact keywords defining them C) web mining can identify authoritative Web pages D) many of the search results are marginally or not relevant to the topic Answer CDiff 3Page Ref 217 35) Which of th e following is not one of the three main areas of Web mining? A) Web search mining B) Web content mining C) Web structure mining D) Web usage mining Answer A Diff 2Page Ref 218 36) Which of the following refers to developing useful information from the links included in the Web documents? A) Web content mining B) Web subject mining C) Web structure mining D) Web matter mining Answer C Diff 2Page Ref 219 37) A ________ is one or more Web pages that provide a collection of links to authoritative pages, reference sites, or a resource list on a specific topic.A) hub B) hyperlink-induced topic search C) wheel spoke D) community Answer A Diff 2Page Ref 219 38) All of the following are types of data generated through Web page visits except A) data stored in server access logs, referrer logs, agent logs, and client-side cookies B) user profiles C) hyperlink analysis D) metadata, such as page attributes, content attributes, and usage data Answer C Diff 2Page Ref 220 39) When registered user s revisit Amazon. com, they are greeted by name. This task involves recognizing the user by ________. A) pattern discovery B) association C) text miningD) reading a cookie Answer D Diff 1Page Ref 221 40) Forward-thinking companies like Ask. com, Scholastic, and St. John Health System are actively exploitation Web mining frames to answer important questions of Who? Why? and How? The benefits of integrating these systems A) are measured qualitatively in terms of customer satisfaction, but not measured using financial or other quantitative measure. B) can be significant in terms of incremental financial growth and increasing customer loyalty and satisfaction. C) have not yet outweighed the costs of the Web mining systems and analysis.D) can be infinitely measurable. Answer B Diff 3Page Ref 222 41) ________ is the semi-automated process of extracting patterns from large amounts of unstructured data sources. Answer Text mining Diff 1Page Ref 192 42) ________ is the process of identi fying valid, novel, potentially useful, and at long last understandable patterns in data stored in structured databases, where the data are organized in records structured by categorical, ordinal, or continuous variables. Answer Data mining Diff 1Page Ref 192 43) ________ is the grouping of similar documents without having a predefined set of categories.Answer Clustering Diff 2Page Ref 193 44) In linguistics, a(n) ________ is a large and structured set of texts prepared for the purpose of conducting knowledge discovery. Answer corpus Diff 1Page Ref 193 45) ________ is the process of reducing inflected words to their base or root form. Answer Stemming Diff 1Page Ref 193 46) ________ words or noise words are words that are filtered out prior to or after processing of natural language data. Answer Stop Diff 1Page Ref 193 47) The term stop-words are used by text mining to ________ commonly used words.Answer eliminate Diff 2Page Ref 193 48) ________ is an important component of text min ing and is a subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. It studies the problem of understanding the natural human language. Answer graphic language processing (NLP) Diff 1Page Ref 196 49) ________ analysis is a technique used to detect favorable and unfavorable opinions toward specific products and services using textual data sources, such as customer feedback in Web postings and the detection of unfavorable rumors. Answer Sentiment Diff 2Page Ref 197 0) At a very high level, the first of three consecutive tasks in the text mining process is to establish the ________, which is a list of organized documents. Answer corpus Diff 1Page Ref 207 51) In the text mining process, the output of task two is a flavorless file called a ________ matrix where the cells are populated with the term frequencies. Answer term-document Diff 3Page Ref 207 52) One of the main approaches to text classification is ________ in which an experts knowledge is encoded into the system ei ther declaratively or in the form of procedural classification rules.Answer knowledge engineering Diff 2Page Ref 211 53) A(n) ________ is one or more Web pages that provide a collection of links to authoritative pages. Answer hub Diff 1Page Ref 219 54) ________ mining is the process of extracting useful information from the links plant in Web documents. Answer Web structure Diff 2Page Ref 219 55) ________ mining is the extraction of useful information from data generated through Web page visits and transactions. Answer Web usage Diff 2Page Ref 220 56) abstract of the information collected by Web servers can help better understand user behavior.Analysis of this data is called ________ analysis. Answer clickstream Diff 2Page Ref 220 57) ________ applications focus on who and how questions by gathering and reporting direct feedback from site visitors, by benchmarking against other sites and offline channels, and by supporting predictive modeling of future visitor behavior. Answer Voi ce of Customer Diff 2Page Ref 224 58) Web analytics, CEM, and VOC applications form the foundation of the Web site ________ ecosystem that supports the online business ability to positively influence desired outcomes. Answer optimization Diff 2Page Ref 224 9) The ________ model, which is one where six-fold sources of data describing the same population are integrated to increase the depth and richness of the resulting analysis, forms the framework of the Web site optimization ecosystem. Answer convergent ecesis Diff 3Page Ref 225 60) Fundamental to the optimization process is ________, gathering data and information that can then be transformed into tangible analysis and recommendations for improvement using Web mining tools and techniques. Answer measurement Diff 3Page Ref 225 61) Compare and contrast text mining and data mining.Answer Text mining is the semi-automated process of extracting patterns (useful information and knowledge) from large amounts of unstructured data source s. Data mining is the process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and understandable patterns in data stored in structured databases, where the data are organized in records structured by categorical, ordinal, or continuous variables. Text mining is the same as data mining in that it has the same purpose and uses the same processes, but with text mining the input to the process is a collection of unstructured data files such as Word documents, PDF files, and so on.Diff 2Page Ref 192 62) Why will computers probably not be able to understand natural language the same way and with the same accuracy that humans do? Answer Natural human language is vague for computers to understand and a true understanding of meaning requires extensive knowledge of a topic beyond what is in the words, sentences, and paragraphs. Diff 1Page Ref 196 63) NLP has successfully been applied to a variety of tasks via computer programs to automatically process natural human language that previously c ould only be through by humans.List three of the most popular of these tasks. Answer Any three of the following Information retrieval. The science of searching for relevant documents, finding specific information within them, and generating metadata as to their contents. Information extraction. A type of information retrieval whose goal is to automatically extract structured information from a certain domain, using machine-readable documents. Question answering. The task of automatically answering a question pose in natural language that is, producing a human-language answer when given a human-language question. self-locking summarization. The creation of a shortened version of a text document by a computer program that contains the most important points of the document. Natural language generation. Systems convert information from computer databases into readable human language. Natural language understanding. Systems convert samples of human language into more formal representat ions that are easier for computer programs to manipulate. machine translation. The automatic translation of one human language to another. Foreign language reading. A computer program that assists a onnative language speaker to read a irrelevant language. Foreign language writing. A computer program that assists a nonnative language user in writing in a foreign language. Speech recognition. Converts spoken words to machine-readable input. Text-to-speech. A computer program converts normal language text into human speech. Text proofing. A computer program reads a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors. Optical character recognition. The automatic translation of images of handwritten, typewritten, or printed text.Diff 2Page Ref 199 64) Describe a marketing application of text mining. Answer Text mining can be used to increase cross-selling and up-selling by analyzing the unstructured data generated by call centers. Text generated by call-center notes as well as transcriptions of voice conversations with customers can be considerd by text mining algorithms to extract novel, actionable information about customers perceptions toward a companys products and services. Text mining is valuable for customer relationship management (CRM).Companies can use text mining to analyze unstructured text data, combined with the relevant structured data extracted from organizational databases, to predict customer perceptions and subsequent purchasing behavior. Diff 2Page Ref 200 65) What is the primary purpose of text mining within the context of knowledge discovery? Answer The primary purpose of text mining within the context of knowledge discovery is to process unstructured (textual) data along with structured data, if relevant to the problem, to extract meaningful and actionable patterns for better decision making.Diff 1Page Ref 206 66) Diagram and explain the three-step text mining process. Answer See Figure 5. 5 in the textbook. Diff 2Page Ref 207 6 7) List two options for managing or reducing the dimensionality (size) of the term-document matrix (TDM). Answer A domain expert goes through the list of terms and eliminates those that do not make much sense for the context of the study. Eliminate terms with very few occurrences in very few documents. Transform the matrix using singular place decomposition. Diff 3Page Ref 210 8) What are three of the challenges for effective and efficient knowledge discovery posed by the Web? Answer The Web is too big for effective data mining. Because of the sheer size of the Web, it is not feasible to set up a data warehouse to replicate, store, and integrate all of the data on the Web, making data collection and integration a challenge. The Web is too complex. The complexity of a Web page is far greater than a page in a traditional text document collection. Web pages lack a co-ordinated structure.The Web is too dynamic. The Web is a highly dynamic information source. Not only does the Web grow rapidly, but its content is constantly being updated. The Web is not specific to a domain. The Web serves a broad diversity of communities and connects billions of workstations. Web users have very different backgrounds, interests, and usage purposes. The Web has everything. except a small portion of the information on the Web is truly relevant or useful to someone or some task. Diff 2Page Ref 217 9) trammel the three main areas of Web mining and each areas source of information. Answer Web content mining refers to the extraction of useful information from Web pages. extraction unstructured textual content of the Web pages, usually in HTML format. Web structure mining is the process of extracting useful information from the links embedded in Web documents. Source the URL links contained in the Web pages. Web usage mining is the extraction of useful information from data generated through Web page visits and transactions.Source the detailed description of a Web sites visits. Diff 2Page Ref 218 70) List three business applications of Web mining. Answer 1. Determine the lifetime value of clients. 2. Design cross-marketing strategies across products. 3. Evaluate promotional campaigns. 4. Target electronic ads and coupons at user groups based on user access patterns. 5. Predict user behavior based on previously learned rules and users profiles. 6. Present dynamic information to users based on their interests and profiles. Diff 2Page Ref 221

How Do Maya Angelou and Grace Nichols Communicate What It Means to Be a Black Woman in Today’s Society Essay

How do Maya Angelou and Grace Nichols communicate what it means to be a sorry charr in straighta panaches society? In this essay I will comp ar two metrical compositions. The two poems I will compare is Maya Angelous Still I rise to Grace Nichols Of course when they ask for poems more or less the realities of Black women. I depend Maya Angelous Still in rise has a rather divers(prenominal) message to Grace Nichols poem. I entail they are interesting to compare because Maya Angelo is lively and spirited about report a poem about how untroubled foul women are and how it is to be a discolour woman in todays society.Whereas, Grace Nichols is much disgruntled and irritated about writing her poem. The start-off poem I will scrutinize is Maya Angelos Still I rise. The title Still I rise shows strength and optimism as it is a short but strong meaning title. It means that Maya Angelou will always defend herself. It runs you feel no matter what you do to Maya Angelou she will however get back up again. This makes you believe that Maya Angelou is a strong person.In the first rhyme, Maya Angelou starts off using an accusatory tone when she says you may write me subject in history with you bitter, twisted lies. This violates the ruling that she is chattering to duster pot when she says this. I think this means she doesnt like what clean-living people wear wrote in their history books about corrosive peoples historical as it is over exaggerated and a lot of lies. Near the end of the first measure, she uses the fiction but still like dust, Ill rise. This is once again reinforcing the idea that she is a strong black woman.By using this simile she is also comparing herself and her race to dust and this suggests that you backsidet get rid of black people and that they are everywhere you go, as dust is sturdy to get rid of and it is everywhere as you cant control or capture it. In the second verse, Maya Angelou is to a greater extent lively and spi rited when she says Does my sassiness disquieted you? This suggests that she is getting more confident as she progresses through the poem. She also uses two rhetorical questions to grip the readers attention why are you fall upon with gloom? Also, in the second verse she shows more confidence when she uses the phrase cause I walk like Ive got oil wells pumping in my living room. The use of informal language cause shows this. This phrase also makes me think that she feels powerful, rich and important. In the ternion stanza, she uses a lot of similes such as Just like moons and like suns I think she has put this simile in because it is cancel mental tomography and she wants black people to be described as this because it is not scarcely a part of nature but the sun and moon are beautiful vital to the world.In the next line she continues with the pictorial imagery by formulation With certainty of tides. This is also natural imagery as she is comparing the black race with tides. I think she chose to use the natural imagery of tides here because not only is it once again vital to the world but it also creates a sense of power as tides and waves are incontrollable, powerful and constant and waves always come back so I think maybe she was also move to reinforce the idea that she and her race are strong. However in the fourth verse, she stops using natural imagery and changes into an interrogatory mode when she says did you want to estimate me broken?Bowed head and get heap eyes? Here she uses negative lexis such as broken to create an image of a exemplary hard worker to the reader. I think she does this here as she wants to show people that herself and her race are not slaves and that you should not dwell on their past and think of them as slaves. In the fifth stanza, its more about her culture when she uses the simile cause I laugh like Ive got gold mines I think she is implying here that she is not rich in wealth but she is rich in culture and in sp irit.I think this changes the atmosphere to a more relaxed mood as she is embracing her culture. Also, when she says diggin in my own back yard it gives you a sense of black soulful language and reinforces the fact that she embraces her culture and language. However, in stanza six, it is a more harsh verse as she uses an accusatory tone once again. She creates an atmosphere of fury and annoyance by using onomatopoeia and harsh sounds such as cut and kill. I think this was put in so people would remember the way white people treated slaves and how violent they were towards them.I think she is trying to give an insight of how it must entertain felt to be a slave and make people feel guilty for treating them so unfairly. At the end of this verse, she repeats herself scarcely still, like air, Ill rise. I think she does this to not only make people believe she is a strong, black woman, but to also make the poem memorable for the reader and make it stand out. Also, when she uses the sim ile like air it makes you think that you cant hurt her because she is like air and you cant cut or hurt air.I think air was a good simile to use here because air rises and I think Angelou was implying that she will rise above all expectations people have for her, black women and black men. Also, by using the word air Maya Angelou is trying to indicate that herself and the black race are now free as black people are now free from thrall. In the s steadyth stanza, the atmosphere changes and you can date stamp Angelous plume in her culture and race. I think Maya Angelou is trying to create a different image for black women as she says does my sexiness up set you? . This suggests that she is trying to make a new image for black women that is sexy and more elegant because before they were seen as only slaves. In the third and fourth line of this verse, she says that I dance like Ive got diamonds, at the meeting of my thighs. By using the word diamond she is implying that black women a re rare, remarkable and tough as those are the main characteristics of a diamond. I think she is suggesting black women should be treasured and kept safe as they are overly precious to lose.In the last stanza, Angelou breaks free from the previous set structure of the quatrains and its a more symbolic structure it does not have a pattern to it. I think this is because it is supposed to imitate the slaves breaking free. Also, it has a random lay out and I think this is reinforcing the idea that you cant capture black people like slaves eachmore and that black people shouldnt be treated unfairly whatevermore. The last verse also has more energy to it as it speeds up more.I think this is because when black people broke free from slavery they were lively and more spirited and had more pride in their culture and race. Also, in the last verse, Angelou uses metaphors instead of similes now such as Im a black ocean, leaping and wide. I think she changes from similes to metaphors in this verse because she has gained more confidence and pride. It has also become a more happier, lively verse again as she uses more coercive lexis such as daybreak and wondrously clear. This is because she is blissful and grand of world black and wants black women and men to be perceived as happy and lively.She has not only broken free from the quatrains in this last verse, but she has also broken free from the AB rime sentences and is now using rhyming couplets as well as repetition of the words I rise, I rise, I rise to show confidence, power and pride of what it means to be a black woman. Overall, throughout the whole of the poem, I believe that Maya Angelou was trying to change the perception of black women and make black women feel as confident and as proud as Angelou does of being black. Throughout the poem Angelous tone differs.As in the beginning, although she started with an accusatory tone, she went on and used positive lexis such as hopes springing high this then changed from a query mood to a more lively and spirited atmosphere. However, as the poem continues she starts to use negative lexis again and the interrogative mode re-appears making the poem seem more harsh to the reader, although, when you read on the poem ends in a more lively and happier tone as she uses more absolute phrases and starts to use metaphors rather than similes now Im a black ocean, leaping and wide.Angelous use of sound imagery is interesting as she makes the reader imagine not only pretty, natural images, but harsh, cruel images as well. For instance, Just like moons and like suns and Shoulders falling down like teardrops. I think she does this so we all can see what she wants black people to be perceived as and also what black people used to be perceived as. Overall, I think Maya Angelou wrote this poem to change the perception of black women in todays society. The second poem I will analyse is Grace Nichols Of course when they ask for poems about the realities of black women.This is a poem with a slightly different message. Whereas, Maya Angelous poem was overall lively and spirited, Grace Nichols poem takes on a more sarcastic side of what its like to be a black woman, compared to a white woman, in todays society and how she feels about being asked to write a poem on what its like to be a black woman. The heading of Grace Nichols poem Of course when they ask for poems about the realities of black women shows a sarcastic side as she has put realities in inverted commas.This gives you the impression that she doesnt want to write this poem as black women are no different from white women or any some other race. The first verse of the poem starts with what they really want at times is a specimen whose heart is in the dust. When she uses the word they in the beginning I think she is talking about white people, racists and those that misunderstand her race. Also, when she says the word specimen it makes you think of a different species something tha t needs to be studied. I think this is what she feels racists think of the black race.When she refers to whose heart is in the dust this makes the reader believe she thinks people pity her race. When she says a mother-of-sufferer she is referring to ancestors of slaves and this then links to trampled/oppressed which is the typical slave image. Shes is saying here that they, meaning white people or people that misunderstand her race, want a slave to write a poem about how it is to be a black person living in todays society. Grace Nichols then moves on and says they want a little black declension undressed and validation for the abused stereotype already in their heads.This means that racists want a black, vulnerable person to be proof for the typical slave image, thats a black stereotype, in their minds. When she says black blood she is implying that black people are completely different to any other race and even have different blood, even though black people are no different from white people. She is also implying, when she says For the abused stereotype already in their head, that the stereotype has been put into peoples heads by white, biased history books.When she says, in the next verse, a perfect song she is referring to someone that is proud of their race and would like to write a poem about being black, for example Maya Angelou. Within the next few lines, Grace Nichols talks more about how not all black women are the same and how they cant be categorised. When she says I say I can write no poem big enough to hold the essence. This means she cant write one poem for black people or any other race as in that location are too many personalities and individuals to put them all into one category.When she says of a black woman or a white woman or a green woman she is then showing her sarcasm again when she says green woman as you cant have green women and what she is trying to say is that we are all equal . And there are Black women and Black women this is once again reinforcing the idea that there is not just the black woman. There are different types of black women and they are not all the same and are individuals. In the next line she uses a very good simile when she says like a contrasting sky of rainbow spectrum.I love this simile as she is saying that there isnt only one colour black and that when you put all the different colours together it makes something beautiful, such as a rainbow. She is also using natural imagery here and it makes you think of how special black people are to this world. As you go on in the poem, she uses the well known phrase dont judge a book by its cover very well as she says touch a black woman you mistake for a contestation and feel her melting down to fudge.I think this is implying the phrase dont judge a book by its cover as it is saying if you insult a black woman when you think she has thick skin she could really be vulnerable inside. In her poem, she does not only talk about different types of people and race, but she also introduces the fact of the different types of language. If need be well trade a piece-a-pussy. Here she uses her own language of Creole and mixes Caribbean English with English to create a sense of her own Caribbean culture and how proud she is to be black and have her own, unique culture.Also, during her poem, Grace Nichols refers to some illustrious black women as she says and there are black women so dangerous in South Africa they prison them away. Here she is talking about Winnie Mandela, Nelson Mandelas wife. She also refers to Maya Angelou throughout her poem as she says and there are black women strong and eloquent and focused. Here she talks about Maya Angelou and how proud she is of her race. However, at the end of the poem, she ends on a positive note as she says the twisted self-negating history weve inherited.I think this means even though they see their history as twisted and cruel, she wants black people to focus on the present and make t heir history better than that of the ancestors that were slaves. She also says crushing out with for each one dancing step. This shows me that she wants to crush out their past history and therefore ends on a positive note. Overall, throughout the poem, I think Grace Nichols was trying to make black women proud of their culture and race and that they are no more different than white people or any other race.I think Grace Nichols didnt have a set structure for the poem as it is sporadic and a random layout. I think she did this because there is not a set pattern for black women and that the layout represents this. Also, the layout is random and unique and thats what she wants black women to be perceived as instead as being in a set pattern and categorised. Grace Nichols repeats several thing throughout her poem. of a black woman or a white woman or a green woman is repeated a lot to emphasize the point that all races are equal and it doesnt depend on colour for how we are treated.Sh e also repeats the phrase crushing out with each dancing step to make her point that you shouldnt judge people by their past and that you should forget about you and your ancestors history and create new history. I think Grace Nichols used Creole to emphasize how she is proud of her culture and that black women should be proud as well and celebrate their own culture. I think these poems differ in messages and tones as Maya Angelous poem still I rise her message is that black women should be proud about their culture and to be black and that Maya Angelou wants to change the perception of black women so that it is not the typical lave image but it is more sexy and elegant.Also, I think Maya Angelou was lively and spirited throughout most of her poem, although she had some accusatory tone and interrogative mode. However, Grace Nicholss message was different from Maya Angelous as Grace Nichols wanted black women to be treated fairly and equally as any other race are and that she doesnt think its right to define black women all in one category. Also, she didnt think it was right to be asked to write a poem about how black women feel living in todays society as it is no different from any other race woman.Grace Nicholss tone throughout was mainly accusatory and angry. In some ways the two poems are similar as they both feel that their race should not be treated as slave just because some of their ancestors were in captivity as slaves in past history. Also, they both feel that their race should now think about the present and not focus on the past and believe you should forget about slavery and the past. They both also want black people to celebrate their culture.I think Grace Nicholss poem portrays the black race better as Maya Angelou categorises the black race even though they are all individuals and cant be put into just one category. Whereas, Grace Nichols says all the way through her poem that black people are individuals and all unique and you cant categorise them. Also, I think Grace Nichols write not just about the good things about being a black woman, but she also write about the bad things, whereas, Maya Angelou doesnt.

Learning and Development Assignment Sheet Essay

1. Be able to create an environment conducive to knowledge.2. Be able to plan and deliver learning and development programme action to individuals and groups.3. Know how to review learning and development activitiesAll activities should be undefiled application 1Devise a plan, with do aims and learning outcomes, for a work related learning and development employment/session, lasting approximately 30 minutes. Along with your plan, provide an explanation of how the planned activity reflects principles of adult learning and takes account of factors (at least 2 individual and 2 environmental) that can impact on learning meets an identified needis based on available resourcesincludes appropriate assessment methodsis structured and sequenced to dish up learning.Activity 2Deliver the planned activity, demonstrating your ability to manage a learning and development activitysupport learners via questioning and feedback use 1 formative and 1 summative assessment methodsummarise and concl ude the learning and development activity assist learners to reflect on their learning and identify further needs collect feedback from participants.This activity should be observed and assessed by your tutor using the attached poster Record.Activity 3Write a reflective statement relating to Activity 2 in which you consider how you created a positive learning environmentthe feedback on your activity from learner participantsyour own perceptions of the effectiveness of the activityat least 2 recommendations to improve your future performance.Activity 1A Plan for a learning and development activity/session. (Note The Plan can be the one developed for UNIT 3PDL, providing it also meets the requirements of this unit.) An accompanying explanation (of approximately 500 words).Activity 2Observation RecordActivity 3A Reflective Statement of approximately 1000 wordsObservation CriteriaAssessor feedback to be completed by the assessor with notes to support the decisionCreates an environment that is positive & conducive to learning e.g. health & safety room layout welcome accommodates needs puts participant at ease builds rapportStructures & sequences effectively for learninge.g. introduction main body conclusionProvides clear aims / learning outcomesManages learning activityeffectively uses a set forth of appropriate training skills uses learning resources appropriately and effectively supports learners via questioning and feedback uses appropriate formative & summative assessment methods summarises and concludes the learning and development activity assists learners to reflect on their learning and identify further needs collects feedback from participants

Describe the Social, Economic and Cultral Factors

These days peasantren and young throng are involved in umpteen issues in society which shadow/whitethorn necessitate their lives. Religion is all across the UK now and legion(predicate) children who live here have a divers(prenominal) type of religious belief. Religions have different rules to others and this can furbish up children be pull in of them (rules). For example if a Muslim child is heros with a child who doesnt have a religion and that child can go out in the street or can sleep out, the child who is Muslim might not be able to do that and that might fall in them feel uncaring and upset.Or children who have come from another country, their parents have a different cultural background to other people which mean the child will be raised differently and have different views, which can cause conflict among other children who have been brought up in the British culture. Personal choice is another subject that could impact a childs life, if a childs parents make a c hoice to live in a different way e. e same sex parents or travelling a lot then this could affect a childs education because theyd have to travel loads as part of the travelling community.Another agent could be social, a child or young person could have only 1 friend and stick to them but that friend might want to go off with other children sometimes which can make a child feel lonely and they might find it hard then to make new friends. Or a child could be with everyone always and this is good because its good to invent social skills and how to socialize but this could also be bad because they arent as independent as they should be.Also family has a big impact, a child could be a young carer because there mum or dad is disabled this could make them feel upset and worried all the time, which would affect school bailiwick and could affect health, if no money is coming in to feed or shelter them. Some families may have different styles of parenting, they might expect highly of thei r child, if there is lack of support that can wizard to low self esteem. Other things that could affect social factor is disabilities, children who may have a check might find it hard to fit in or make friends.If children are suffering from problems at home, then if a child attends a setting (nursery, school, youth clubs) then they could get social operate involved which could then result in children taken into care. Another part of economic factors can take on addictions, parents might have a drug addiction which would mean all the income being spend on drugs and then not being able to afford a house in a neat community, this could affect a childs development if they are living in cramped conditions or poor fictional character housing.

Organizational Behaviour Challenges Essay

Organizational Behaviour is schoolman study of organizations by examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Being of a multidisciplinary nature, organisational behaviour is all the more(prenominal) complicated to study as well. It is primarily the study of individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting, as well as the nature of the organizations themselves (culture, subcultures, psyche etc. ). Whenever people interact in organizations, numerous factors come into play. Organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors and seek to control, predict, and explain them.There is some contention over the ethical ramifications of focusing on controlling workers behaviour. As such, organizational behaviour has at measure been accused of being the scientific tool of the powerful. Those accusations notwithstanding, OB can play a major utilisation in organizational development and success. My six m onth long experience of setting up a design dwell in Romania was an eye opener into the aspects of organisational behaviour and how important it is for a manager to be able to deal with these aspects in the work arena. The project was fairly new to the manufacturing industry.Look morestarbucks business essayMy job primarily consisted of setting up the design room and training people to buy the farm it. There were several problems that I faced and some of them are as follows Problems at individual take Individuals make up a team. If there are problems among them, the whole team and its dynamics are touch on by it. At Romania this was exactly the case which resulted in difficulty in making them work as a team, ask advise from one an another(prenominal), respect each other and in general addition job efficiency in order to meet targets. That is partly because the workforce in Romania is protected so there is not much that can be done by managers.Although the fact has been recogni sed by surveys etc. , nothing is done in the workplace officially in order to falsify things. The icy is true for private companies however where management is very controlling and demanding. The human element I sight in such situations that the contingency approach to organisational behaviour in small teams alone makes things difficult. Managers not only in my company but other companies that I had discussions with take it for granted that they will redeem to extend people in a different way in order to have their work done.Variations were crude(a) due t the personal psyches of each individual in the team. This was however managed by trying to pay off them at a standard level of thought and training. The above two problems can also be seen as a result of the fact that Romanians tend to keep their personal lives separate from the workplace (Steven 2003). I believe that managers should use Development Administration and Management techniques (Cooke 2004) to develop the workfo rce in places like Romania and other third world countries. Lack of responsibility Romanians, being used to the previous communist workplace, did not have to wrry about their work ethics much.They knew that they would have a job whether they did it well or not. This was something that didnt change throughout the whole time I was there. It is clear that the reason for this failure was due to the fact that the outside environment (communist culture) was at work here and an intrinsic part of their life conditioning. This ultimately meant that they did not experience from their mistakes and didnt now show a commitment to improvement. Secondly I believe that the design room concept being new, it had to be implemented using change management techniques (Hay & Hartel 2003).

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X

Savannah Major February 23, 2013 Hon. English/ H. 3 Philosophies of Martin Luther exponent and Malcolm X The late 1950s to mid-1960s was a time when violence and injustice had reached its peak. Many people were treated below the belt and the mood of the country overall was very gloomy and unhappy. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were both very known activists who fought to make things equal and right. 80th activists shared similar beliefs against the racial Injustice brought against African Americans by whites although their methods of achieving that par were alone different.MLK, for Instance, believed In approaching things in a halcyon, nonviolent fashion. However, most African Americans felt that his peaceful approach wasnt enough to reach his. as well as their, goals and turned to Malcolm X, who believed that arming up against whites was a necessity in order to protect yourself. In other words, fight violence with violence. In the speech, stair Toward Freedom, MLK discusse s the three different sorts of dealing with oppression acquiescence, resorting to violence, and the use of nonviolent resistance.Only supporting one of the three, nonviolence, King strongly isagrees with both acquiescence and using violence as a way of making peace. Acquiescence, when the laden resign to their oppression and just deal with it. giving up on it all together. MLK believes that is not the way out, claiming that by resigning the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor. (King 301) The second form of oppression, resorting to physical violence, completely goes against his views.

Personal Values

Personal set argon beliefs, missions, or philosophy that is meaningful on a one-on-oneised aim. They be reinforced by emotions and feelings, which turn mental perceptions into vital passions that we hope to realize in our lives. Whether we be consciously aware of them or not, e really one-on-one has a core out set of person-to-personized determine. whatsoever our determine are, when we cause them to heart and implement them in our lives, great accomplishments and success happens. When we implement, commit to, and apply individualized set in our lives, expertness is released that attracts success, pass onment, and well- macrocosm. most of the more common personal appraises include accomplishments, freedom, prosperity, success, friendship, punctuality, self-reliance, charge for others, harmony of purpose, account dexterity, quality of persist, goodwill, reli force, goodness, cleanliness, commitment, creativity, customer satisfaction, equality, loyalty, justi ce, resourcefulness, family, independence, spirit, hard work, and faithfulness. People relate to personal values in a number of slipway thoughtful large number continu totallyy think some those things they cherish and believe in, eyepatch the powerful are motivated and driven to implement personal values in their lives.Interestingly, not nevertheless do values energize us, but when we implement them, it energizes everything we come in contact with. Personal values drives and motivate us to move away in life, which in turn enables progress. Whether they drive our give birth individual lives in a convinced(p) direction, improve the economic, mixer, and ethnic conditions of a nation, or move society forward in a path of progress, personal values are important in our lives. We all strike values that determine our decisions and legislate our lives. Accomplishments in life depend not tho on animal(prenominal) energy, but besides on the psychological energy we are able to bring to our actions.Personal values also direct our psychological energies for accomplishment. The quality of the values we emb line of achievement and the intensity of our commitment to them determine the train of our accomplishment in life. value, personal values, and core values all refer to the same thing. They are desirable qualities, standards, or principles that are the driving forces in our lives, and also influence our actions and reactions. They are inherited, and/or learned from our environment. knowing your values helps you to follow a clear set of rules and guidelines for your actions, make good decisions, nd choices, find congenial people, places, and things that support your way of living, live with integrity, learn to identify and live from your values, and to manage stress (Ibtissem, 2010). ethnic Values Cultural values are sets of common understandings around which actions are organized, and the finding of expressions in language, whose finer distinctions ar e peculiar to the group. They are sets of meanings shared by a group of people that are largely inferred among members, and are clearly relevant, and distinctive to the particular group. Cultural values are also passed on to new members.These values are systems of knowledge, standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating, and acting that serve to relate human comm unities to their environmental settings (Khalil, & Seleim, 2010). They are also deeper levels of basic assumptions and beliefs that are learned responses. Any amicable system arising from a network of shared ideologies consisting of substances the networks of meaning associated with ideologies, norms, and values, and forms the practices where the meanings are expressed, affirmed, and communicated to members, defines the cultural values of an organization.Culture is what naturally emerges as individuals transform themselves into social groups. A polish encompasses distinct unmistakable forms language, use of symbols , ceremonies, customs, methods of problem solving, use of tools, or technology, and design of work settings that groups of people realise through social interaction, and use to confront the broader social environment. Culture fuck be characterized as consisting of three levels the first and about visible level is demeanors and artifacts, which consists of behavior patterns and outward manifestations of the culture.This is the privileges provided to executives, dress codes, level of technology utilized, and where it is utilized, and the physical layout of the work spaces. Artifacts and behavior also tell what a group is doing, but not the reasons why. The second level of culture is its values. The cultural values determine behaviors, but values are not directly observable, as behaviors are. in that respect is a disaccordence amid stated values and operating values. To really understand culture, we founder to get to the deepest third level, the level of assumptions and belief s.Underlying assumptions grow out of values, until they are postulaten for granted and discarded. Many are unwitting of, or unable to articulate their beliefs and assumptions. To understand culture, all three levels form to be understood (Vauclair, 2009). There is an additional aspect that may complicate the study of culture the group or cultural unit which owns the culture. An organization may fool many unalike cultures or subcultures, or even no apparent(a) dominant culture at the organisational level. Recognizing the cultural unit is essential to identifying and understanding the culture. organizational cultures are created, maintained, or transformed by people, and by organizational leadinghip (Khalil, & Seleim, 2010). Leaders at the executive level are the principle source for the re-infusion of an organizations ideology, articulation of core values, and the special(prenominal)ation of norms. Organizational values express preferences for trustworthy behaviors or certa in outcomes, and organizational norms express behaviors accepted by others. They are the culturally acceptable ways of pursuing goals. Leaders also establish the boundaries for the formal lines of communication, and the formal interaction rules for the organization.Values and norms, once contractable through the organization, establish the permanence of the organizations culture. Groups, societies, or cultures involve values that are largely shared by their members. These values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important. Values are related to the norms of a culture, with the norms being the rules for behavior in specific situations, and the values identify what should be supposed as good or evil. Members take part in a culture even if each members personal values do not entirely agree with some of the normative values of the culture.This reflects an individuals ability to integrate and extract aspects valuable to them fro m the nonuple of sub-cultures they belong to. If a group member expresses a value that is in serious conflict with the groups norms, the groups spot may carry out various ways of encouraging treaty or stigmatizing the non-conforming behavior of its members. ordinarily held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, unspoiled or wrong, workable or unworkable, in a community or society, is determined by cultural values.These values determine the ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. Creating a culture topicd on moral excellence requires a commitment among managers to embody and develop two qualities in their leadershiphip virtue and wisdom. Creating an organization characterized by moral excellence is a lengthy process, because it involves changing the organizational culture (Vauclair, 2009). One of the primary responsibilities of strategical leadership is to create and maintain the organizational characteristics that reward and enco urage collective efforts, with the most fundamental of these being the organizational culture.An organizations culture develops to help cope with the environment. Organizational leaders are confronted with many complex issues during their attempts to generate organizational achievement. Their success depends to a great extent on understanding organizational culture. Many of the problems that organizational leaders face are caused by their inability to read and evaluate organizational culture. Many leaders, when trying to implement new strategies or a strategic figure leading to a new vision, will discover that their strategies will fail if they are inconsistent with the organizations culture.Difficulties with organizational transformations arise from failures to analyze an organizations existing culture. Strategic leaders have an additional set of challenges they have to create the means, and the opportunities to infuse their employees with new ways of looking at themselves, and t heir capabilities. Leaders new ideologies and values need to be communicated effectively, internalized by employees, and consequently translated into productive methods of thinking, and working. Organizations consist of subgroups that have specific characteristics and a sense of identification.Within organizations, people can easily classify themselves and others into various social categories or groups based on identification with their primary work group, occupational, or professional skills, or union membership. Subgroups in organizations can and do create subcultures that comprise specific networks of meaning, and they remain associated with the ideologies and values of the organizations leadership. Organizations do not always have standardized or consistent subcultures. The social products produced by subcultures within organizations can be widely diverse, and even result in countercultures.These countercultures can have both productive and unproductive outcomes. The key to a countercultures success is the groups ability to demonstrate how its unconventional behaviors are consonant with the core ideologies, values and norms of the dominant culture. Cultures provide members with a reliable means to interpret a highly vague environment. It is the organizations leaderships responsibility to specify the features of the environment that are relevant to the organization, and then provide the supporting assumptions, and rationale for its operating strategies.Leadership should recognize that their cultural messages should specifically address cultural uncertainties associated with subculture practices within the organization, and limit their attempts to eliminate distinctions that are important to the subcultures identities. They would have a better chance of creating, or transforming an organizations culture if they accept, and foster productive organizational subcultures, and consistently communicate how employees mustiness behave in order for the organizati on to achieve its objectives.Cultural change then relies on leaders communication techniques that shroud sub cultural boundaries and carry messages about ideologies, values and norms that can be internalized by all employees. Cultural forms function as the linking mechanism by which networks of understandings develop among employees. These cultural forms act as a mean(a) for communicating ideologies, values, and norms. They also enable leaders to transmit messages about desirable behaviors to influence thinking and ways of behaving.Cultural forms also address the emotional aspects of organizations that are commonly referred to as cohesion or camaraderie. deep cultural change will occur if leaders correctly analyze the organizations existing culture, and evaluate it against the cultural attributes needed to achieve strategic objectives. They must first possess a clear understanding of the strategic objectives for their organization, and then identify the actions needed to reach th ose objectives. The next step is to treat an analysis of the organizations existing ideologies, values and norms.Strategic leadership needfully to be transformational if it is to serve the organization, and it must operate from a foundation of high godliness and ethical practices. Even though culture is deep seated, and difficult to change, leaders can influence or manage an organizations culture. It isnt easy, and it cannot be done rapidly, but leaders can have an effect on culture. An understanding of culture, and how to transform it, is a crucial skill for leaders trying to achieve strategic outcomes.Strategic leaders have the best perspective, because of their position in the organization, to see the dynamics of the culture, what should remain, and what needs transformation. This is the essence of strategic success. Values and morals are one of the most important characteristic of an individual. They basically define who we are and what we believe. There are many factors th at determine our values and ethics. Culture, religion, and many other factors shine our beliefs. Many times our values and ethics can clash with different people who hold different views and beliefs.This doesnt mean our values or ethics are wrong it just means we think otherwise than others. Most people have a good sense of ethics and values. Knowing between right and wrong is a good foundation to practicing good ethics and morals. Family members, Grandparents, friends, and school teachers all influence our thoughts and beliefs. educational Values Education is not all about book learning and passing exams, it is also about developing personal values and living these values. Ethical Values To behave ethically is to behave in a manner that is consistent with what is generally considered to be right or moral.Ethical behavior is the bedrock of mutual trust. Values are what we believe to be right, individually or organizationally. Values distinguish between right and wrong, and doing what is right or wrong is what we mean by ethics. The first place to look in determining what is right or wrong is society, because almost every society makes some determination of chastely correct behavior. Societies not only regulate the behavior of its members, but also define their societal core values. Experience lead societies to develop beliefs about what is of value for the common good.Societies may differ from one another(prenominal) in the specifics, but not in the general principles reciprocity one good deed deserves another, the whimsy of good intent a persons word is their bond, or the appreciation of merit in others regardless of personal feelings give the devil his due. To determine what is generally considered to be right, look at the positive values of society and the organizations one belongs to. Societal or organizational norms are other aspects that should also be considered.Norms are the unstated rules, usually informally reached by the members of a group, which govern the behavior of the groups members. Norms often have a greater effect on what is and isnt done by the members of a group than formal rules and regulations. Norms are a important part of ethics, in that they allow and/or even encourage certain OK behaviors that are not in keeping with societal or organizational stated values. Ethics and morality are important for individuals, groups, organizations, and society. they should also be important for public officials, and for very much the same reasons.Some very important individual, group, organizational, and/or societal ethical values are basic honesty and conformity to law conflicts of interest service orientation and procedural fairness the ethics of democratic responsibility the ethics of public policy determination and the ethics of compromise and social integration. People behave wrongly because of the complexity of the strategic issues that may cross that ethical line, difficulty in determining what the most ethical alternatives are, disputation for scarce resources, power, or positions, conflicting loyalties, groupthink, is.There are several systemic factors also contribute to people behaving unethically the competition for scarce resources, trying to gain a competitive advantage in the race for position or power, conflicting loyalties, groupthink among homogeneous groups with strong leaders, the presence of ideologues, or individuals who view their own organic positions as right and any opposing positions as wrong, and an organizations negative response to dissent.Organizational members have only three choices when confronted with unethical behavior Exit, the most direct response, means if you cant live with behavior that does not chance your own ethical standards, leave. Voice, means expressing discomfort with and opposition to the observed unethical behavior. Go public, to engage in whistle blowing. The final response to unethical behavior in an organization is loyalty, the alternative t o exit. Instead of leaving, the individual remains and tries to change the organization from within.An organization cannot maintain high ethical standards without ways for eliminating unethical behavior. The locomote to building an ethical humour, and to foster corporate ethics (1) Determine the actions of strategic leadership and the ways they admit with ethical issues. The pattern of top leaders behavior determines organizational values. (2) Make explicit ethics policies. (3) Increase cognisance of how to apply ethical codes. (4) Training on how to deal with situations with an ethical dimension. 5) How to anticipate situations that involve ethical choices. (6) dramatise the information system to focus on areas where ethics may come into play. Knowing what actually is discharge on in the organization is essential to understanding the ethical principles which govern behavior. The information system should also support ethical behavior, and allow the strategic leader to know wh en or where there are authorisation ethical breaches so that corrective action can be taken.There is real danger when unethical behavior goes unnoticed, or unpunished, members will assume it is excused by the organizations leadership. Encouraging leaders to pursue their own moral development is censorious at higher levels because strategic leaders set the moral temper for the organization. pedigree ethics is the application of the disciplines, principles, and theories of ethics on the organizational level. These are the principles, and standards that guide behavior in the business environment.Ethical behavior in business is critical. When businesses are charged with infractions, and when employees of those firms come under intelligent investigation, there is concern raised about the moral behavior of that business. The level of mutual trust, which is the foundation of our free-market economy, is threatened. Business ethics is also concerned with the day-to-day ethical dilemmas faced by millions of workers at all levels of an organization. any people have their own sets of personal values that come from society, families, religions, and experiences. Ethical dilemmas can arise when those personal values conflict directly with the companys practices. Organizations can manage their culture and ethical climate by trying to hire employees whose values match their own. Some firms even measure potential employees values during the hiring process and strive to choose individuals who fit within the ethical climate rather than those whose beliefs and values differ heartyly. Family ValuesSome of the more common family values are belonging, it is important that each member of a family feel that they are loved, that they belong and that they matter flexibility, the order, schedules and structure of the family that helps to maintain a level of sanity respect, to take feelings, thoughts, needs, and preferences in to account when reservation decisions acknowledging and valuing everyones thoughts, feelings and contributions to the family as a whole honesty, the foundation of any relationships that are meant to last forgiveness, forgiving is an important choice to make (yes, choice) generosity, giving without thinking about what you will run into is an important value for anyone wanting to be a responsible, contributing ember to society curiosity, which helps to build critical thinking skills, includes the spoken word, tone, volume, expression, eye contact, body language and effective listening responsibility is something that is learned and traditions, which makes a family unique (Arnier, & Stein, 1998).Religious Values Religion plays a vital role in our lives and in reinforcing personal values. It does not matter what our religious preferences are, personal values are formed and reinforced through religious teachings. Tolerance, honesty, truthfulness, respect for others and elders, purity are some of the values formed and reinforced through relig ious teachings. Organizational Values Organizations and institutions have values and ethics are that are central to its existence. Often time, there are one or more business values that are the key to a businesss success.Examples are Sears commitment to trusting the customer, Apple Computers belief in the value of solving the problems of society, or the Marriotts value of systemization and standardization. Values are those things important to or cherished by someone, whether they are an individual or an organization. Organizational values are important to its vision, which is based on and consistent with the organizations core values. Organizational values are more than terminology they are the moral, ethical, and professional attributes of character, and what professionals judge to be right. These core values must be instilled in all organizational members. They determine our character, guide our lives, and are central to our profession.Some of the more common organizational valu es loyalty, duty, honesty, selfless service, professionalism, caring, teamwork, stewardship. and integrity. When these values are shared by all organizational members, they can be very important and useful tools for making judgments, assessing probable outcomes of contemplated actions, and choosing among alternatives. Organizational values put all members on the same page with regard to what all members as a body consider important. These values are the embodiment of what an organization stands for, and should be the rump for the behavior of its members. When we implement, commit to, and apply personal values in our lives, energy is released that attracts success, achievement, and well-being. With organizations and nstitutions employees, customers, products, services, and all the stakeholders, their energy attracts success, new opportunities, new sources of revenue and income, and other material and psychological benefits. In some organizations, any disagree by its members may be rewarded by termination, or they may be expelled, or ostracized from the group. Group members pronto learn the operating values, or they dont survive for long. To the extent they differ from stated values, the organization will not only suffer from doing things less effectively, but also from the cynicism of its members, who have yet another reason for mistrusting the leadership, or doubting its wisdom.Organizational values provide the basis for judgments about what is important for the organization to succeed in its core business. There are three aspects to ethical behavior in organizations the development of the individual as an ethical person, the effect of the organization as an ethical or unethical environment, and the actions or procedures developed by the organization to encourage ethical behavior and discourage unethical behavior. Most of an individuals ethical development occurs in advance entering an organization. The influence of family, church, community, and school wi ll determine individual values. The organization is dealing with individuals whose value base has already been established.The organization also has a major impact on the behavior of its members, and can have a positive or negative influence on their values. There are three qualities individuals must possess to make ethical decisions the ability to recognize ethical issues and to reason through the ethical consequences of decisions, the ability to look at alternative points of view, deciding what is right in a particular set of circumstances, and the ability to deal with ambiguity, uncertainty, and to make decisions on the best information available. Individual characteristics and organizational influence are very important attributes that determines ethical behaviors.The ethical standards that one observes in the organization will have a significant effect on individual behavior. The organization has the greatest impact in the standards it establishes for ethical and unethical cond uct in its formal reward systems. Informal norms also have a strong influence on individuals behavior as do the actions of the leaders of the organization. Strategic leaders must understand that their actions, more than words alone, will determine the operating values in the organization. Many people behave ethically, in wound of the apparent lack of gain. Ethical behavior is intrinsically rewarding most people behave ethically because its the right thing to do. People are guided by their personal value systems.